مجله زبان و ادبیات عربی
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 31، زمستان 1401)

Music is one of the most important elements of poetry, as it brings words to life and gives them meaning. Hafez Rajab Borsi Helli (744-813 AH) was a poet from the Mamluk era who wrote eloquent and touching poems in praise and mourning of Ahl al-Bayt (AS), and music played a special role in his work. The purpose of this research is to explain the semantic function of different types of music in poetry, and to explore Borsi Helli's position as a Shiite poet whose work is characterized by both verbal and structural beauty in service of meaning. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this article analyzes the semantic and aesthetic function of music in visual imagery. The findings show that Borsi was successful in using both external and internal music to enhance his poetry. In terms of external music, he established harmony between his poetic themes and the chosen weight, creating a strong bond between his poetry and its music. He also used rhymes effectively to create different effects on readers. In terms of internal music, Borsi used both the music of sounds (such as repetition and puns) and spiritual music (such as Moraat al-Nazir, hint, and other innovative musical arrays) to create coherence and harmony within his work. He incorporated special musical elements into his poetry that added enchantment to songs and voices, helping audiences experience spiritual pleasure while conveying meaning effectively. Overall, this research highlights the importance of music in poetry, particularly within the context of Borsi Helli's work.

This study aims to analyze the components of magical realism in the Tunisian novel "Waqa'a al-Madinah al-Ghariba" and find out how "Abd al-Jabbar al-Osh," the author of this novel, relies on the genre of magical realism or presents facts through the lens of amazing and imaginary things has been able to express political and social problems and shortcomings easily. The success of this Arabic novel in receiving the Tunisian Kumar Literary Award and the fact that this Tunisian novelist is unknown among the literary and academic community of Iran explains one of the necessities of this research; The next issue is the expression of political and social criticism in this novel, which is not limited to Tunisian society and in some way overlaps with the problems of our society today.The authors of the study, after reviewing the novel "Waqa'a al-Madinah al-Ghariba," found in a descriptive-analytical method that "Abd al-Jabbar al-Osh," relying on components such as the plot of the fantastic events, symbolization, contrast between modernity and tradition, socio-political theme and also expressionist descriptions that are among the standard components of magical realism stories have also succeeded in expressing the depth and breadth of the social and political problems of Tunisian society, In this way, by informing the reader, he encourages him to make a change in society. In this story, Al-Osh blurs the line between reality and fantasy. He uses his humorous language as a spice to depict the bitterest and darkest events of the day in a fascinating frame for his audience. After the plot of unique events, symbols in this story play a significant role. This is because discovering complex things is more appealing to the audience; Thus, in characterization and when expressing his criticisms, Al-Osh uses symbolism as his means of work.

Verisimilitude is a significant element of stories and plays, and it depends on the degree of conformity of the work with external objectivity. This correspondence does not represent complete objectivity, which separates literary works from belletristic and historical texts. Verisimilitude means reflecting reality and bringing it back to life in a credible way for the audience. Extra-textual objectivity is a structure that each writer uses in their work based on their approach and literary style. Ashura's drama literature seeks to revive the Karbala incident in the form of a play. Determining the border between objectivity, belletristic, and imagination in these works has been the focus of this research. Many Arabic plays can be found, each dealing with the events of Karbala from a specific angle. Three prominent plays were selected: "Al-Har al-Riyahi" by Iraqi poet and writer Abd al-Razzaq Abd al-Wahed, "Al-Hussein Tha'era" by Egyptian author Abdul Rahman Sharqawi, and "Al-Hussein" by Syrian writer Walid Fazel. This study investigates the conformity of these three works of art with the objectivity of the history of Karbala using analytical-descriptive methods. Based on some findings from this research, authors have used various tools such as factual and historical characters, narration of historical events, use of logical and natural plots to strengthen the truthfulness of their works. However, Abdul Wahed's work has more tools than others. Shargawi's work is closer to narrating the history of Karbala than other two works. The aspect of religious realism can be found in special events in "Al-Hossein's" play.

In terms of meaning, rhetoric, and literature, the term "Esteghaseh" refers to requesting intercession. In ancient Arab literature, a type of poetry with the theme of supplication called "Esteghaseh" emerged, employing two spiritual and material instruments: "trusting" and "bonding," to seek a change in the target society's circumstances. The literary themes of Esteghaseh convey the social responsibility and artistic commitment of the poets, according to research by literature and literary history scholars. To gain a deeper understanding of why this type of poetry is written, it is evident that theories examining society's knowledge and specific people at the time will be useful. In this descriptive and analytical study, an attempt was made to utilize Pierre Bourdieu's sociological perspective. According to this theory, social commitment, action, and reaction reflect society's character. The sociological analysis of this crucial issue will disclose the impact of dominant social structures on the submissive class in society.Some verses on the subject of Esteghaseh led to uninformed behavior in the social structure during the age of ignorance and resistance to compulsions issued by the ruling class. Therefore, during Muslim rule in Andalusia, factors such as constant economic and political conflicts, moral corruption among rulers, attacks, and catastrophes resulting from crusades led to the development of this type of poetry and its evolution into an independent art form. Additionally, investigating why praise does not last as well as gradual disobedience and complaint against ruling laws with time can be done by taking into account praise for ruling class along with requests for help in this type of literature.

Nowadays, despite the advancement of vehicles and communication methods such as the telephone and virtual space, modern human experiences loneliness more than ever. Psychology has emerged as one of the necessary fields related to human beings and their mental problems to explain and treat this feeling of loneliness and has presented several treatment methods. Some psychologists, including Irvin D. Yalom, suggest existential therapy. Existential therapy is not a treatment method but a philosophical approach that affects counselors' and psychotherapists' work styles and performance.As a modern and possibly postmodern poet, Adnan Al-Saegh has expressed the state of human life in the contemporary period in some of his poems; Sadness, displacement, war, distance from the homeland, and loneliness are the most frequent in his poems, especially since the poet himself has experienced the taste of exile.In this essay, the authors have analyzed some of Adnan Al-Saegh's poems in the field of types of loneliness and ways to treat it with Ervin Yalom's existential approach; First, the poems are described with a descriptive and analytical method, and then they have expressed the similarities between the treatment methods of Ervin Yalom and Adnan Al-Saegh. The theme of loneliness in most of Adnan's poems is related to existential loneliness, which is more frequent than inner and interpersonal loneliness. In the same way, the methods of treating existential loneliness in his poems, such as taking refuge in fantasy and dreams, and turning to love and seclusion, have been manifested more in Adnan's poetry. These kinds of poems have helped the poet overcome this inevitable loneliness and provided his audience with clues and signs to curb this loneliness. In this sense, the current research can confirm the role of art in the field of therapy and help researchers in the field of art therapy.

Surrealism was formed in the early 20th century with the aim of changing people's attitudes towards the industrial world and fighting against it. The goal of the surrealists was to change the world based on their own ideas and somehow return to the original human nature. Although this school of literature mostly dealt with poetry, it gradually entered the literary world of modern novels as well and raised opinions on the literary type of the novel and the closeness of its language to poetic language. Elias Khoury, a contemporary Lebanese writer, uses surrealist elements in his novel "Abvab al-madinah" to narrate the protagonist's unsuccessful attempt to reach an unknown city, and finally, with the destruction of the city, he challenges contemporary man's efforts to achieve his desires. The present study aims to investigate the surrealistic characteristics of this novel in a descriptive and analytical way. It seeks to state what components of surrealism are present in this novel and how they are used in designing its themes. The fact that there is a lack of independent research on this literary work, coupled with its surrealist background, shows the necessity and importance of this research. The obtained results show that "Abvab al-madinah" is based on a surrealist foundation. Components such as surreal images, love, imagination and dreams, automatic writing, complexity, and ambiguity are among the most important features used in conveying surrealist meanings to readers in this novel.